/* beforeword — published letters to researchers. */
.bwr-page{color:#171717}
.bwr-page main>*{min-width:0}
.bwr-page :is(a,button,input,select,summary):focus-visible,.bwr-entry a:focus-visible,.bwr-series-invite a:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #171717;outline-offset:5px}
.bwr-page :is(button,input,select){font:inherit;color:inherit;border-radius:0}
.bwr-page :is(p,dd,h1,h2,h3,a){overflow-wrap:break-word}
.bwr-page [hidden],.bwr-controls[hidden]{display:none!important}
.bwr-series{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 26px;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0;padding:10px 0 0;font:14px/1.4 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}
.bwr-series a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:48px;padding:8px 0 13px;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;margin-bottom:-1px}
.bwr-series a[aria-current=page]{border-bottom-color:#171717;font-weight:600}
.bwr-hero{padding:52px 0 34px;border-bottom:1px solid #171717}
.bwr-page .bwr-hero h1{font-size:clamp(40px,5.9vw,70px);max-width:950px}
html[lang=ru] .bwr-page .bwr-hero h1{font-size:clamp(28px,9.2vw,70px);overflow-wrap:normal}
.bwr-hero .bwl-lead,.bwr-hero .bwr-lead{font-size:clamp(19px,2.2vw,24px);line-height:1.5;max-width:790px;margin-top:24px!important}
.bwr-stats{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:9px 24px;margin-top:25px;font:13px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f}
.bwr-stats strong{font-weight:600;color:#171717}
.bwr-intro-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.25fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:46px;align-items:start;margin-top:28px}
.bwr-intro-grid>div>p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.7}
.bwr-intro-grid>div>p+p{margin-top:18px}
.bwr-intro-example{border:1px solid #9a9a92;background:rgba(241,241,237,.55);padding:25px}
.bwr-intro-example figcaption{font:12px/1.55 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#55554f}
.bwr-intro-example dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;margin-top:22px!important}
.bwr-intro-example dl>div{min-width:0;padding-right:18px}
.bwr-intro-example dl>div+div{padding:0 0 0 18px;border-left:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-intro-example dt{font:13px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;margin-bottom:7px}
.bwr-intro-example dd{font:23px/1.5 Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;letter-spacing:-.02em}
.bwr-intro-example>p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;margin-top:22px;color:#55554f}
.bwr-featured{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px;margin-top:26px}
.bwr-feature-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;border:1px solid #9a9a92;padding:25px;min-width:0;background:rgba(250,250,248,.35)}
.bwr-feature-card .bwl-kicker{font-size:11px;margin-bottom:15px!important}
.bwr-feature-card h3{font-size:25px;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-.035em}
.bwr-feature-card h3 a{text-decoration:none}
.bwr-feature-card p:not(.bwl-kicker){font-size:16px;line-height:1.6;margin-top:16px}
.bwr-feature-card .bwl-textlink{margin-top:auto;padding-top:20px;min-height:56px}
.bwr-toolbar{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.4fr) minmax(0,1fr) auto;align-items:end;gap:16px 18px;margin:28px 0 0;padding:22px 0;border-top:1px solid #c9c9c0;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-toolbar label{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px;min-width:0;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5}
.bwr-toolbar :is(input,select){width:100%;max-width:100%;min-width:0;min-height:46px;border:1px solid #77776f;padding:11px 12px;background:#fafaf8;font:16px/1.4 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif}
.bwr-toolbar input::placeholder{color:#65655d;opacity:1}
.bwr-toolbar select{padding-right:28px}
.bwr-toolbar button{min-height:46px;border:1px solid #77776f;background:transparent;padding:10px 15px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;cursor:pointer}
.bwr-toolbar output{grid-column:1/-1;min-height:21px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;color:#55554f}
.bwr-list,.bwr-list>ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.bwr-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(160px,.3fr);gap:18px 32px;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0;padding:25px 0;min-width:0}
.bwr-row-main{min-width:0}
.bwr-row-main h3{font-size:24px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-.025em}
.bwr-row-main h3 a{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 0;margin:-8px 0}
.bwr-row-main p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.6;margin-top:9px;max-width:660px}
.bwr-row-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:6px;font:12px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;min-width:0}
.bwr-row-meta .bwl-status{font-size:12px}
.bwr-tag,.bwr-fragment{display:inline-block;font:11px/1.55 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.015em;border:1px solid #b6b6ad;padding:3px 7px;max-width:100%;color:#55554f}
.bwr-fragment{border-style:dashed;color:#171717}
.bwr-empty{padding:30px 0;font-size:17px;line-height:1.6;border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-reading-guide{margin-top:30px;border-top:1px solid #9a9a92;border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a92;padding:0 0 2px}
.bwr-reading-guide>summary{cursor:pointer;min-height:52px;padding:15px 0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.55}
.bwr-reading-guide>summary::marker,.bwr-screens>summary::marker{color:#55554f}
.bwr-reading-guide p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;max-width:780px;margin:0 0 17px}
.bwr-reading-guide[open]>summary{margin-bottom:7px}
.bwr-letter-head{padding:40px 0 32px;border-bottom:1px solid #171717}
.bwr-letter-head .bwl-breadcrumb{margin-bottom:27px}
.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:clamp(38px,5.5vw,66px);max-width:980px}
.bwr-question{font-size:clamp(21px,2.7vw,30px);line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:-.02em;max-width:850px;margin-top:23px!important}
.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-status{margin-top:22px}
.bwr-meta{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:17px 30px;padding-top:27px;margin-top:27px!important;border-top:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-meta>div{min-width:0}
.bwr-meta dt{font:12px/1.55 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;margin-bottom:5px}
.bwr-meta dd{font:15px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.bwr-meta dd small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#55554f;margin-top:3px}
.bwr-letter-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:195px minmax(0,1fr);gap:58px;padding-top:40px}
.bwr-letter-layout>article{max-width:760px;min-width:0}
.bwr-aside{align-self:start;position:sticky;top:28px;font:14px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;min-width:0}
.bwr-aside strong{display:block;font-weight:600;color:#171717;margin-bottom:9px}
.bwr-aside p+p{margin-top:13px}
.bwr-aside a{display:block;min-height:44px;padding:10px 0}
.bwr-aside ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.bwr-context{padding:25px 27px;border:1px solid #9a9a92;background:rgba(241,241,237,.45);margin-bottom:35px}
.bwr-context h2{font-size:24px;line-height:1.3}
.bwr-context p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:15px}
.bwr-purpose-part{margin-top:23px}.bwr-context .bwr-purpose-part h3{font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:0}.bwr-context .bwr-purpose-part p{margin-top:7px}
.bwr-context p.bwl-kicker{font-size:11px;margin-top:0}
.bwr-letter-text{font:20px/1.78 Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;overflow-wrap:break-word;padding:28px 0 5px}
.bwr-letter-text p+p{margin-top:23px!important}
.bwr-letter-text a{overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.bwr-letter-text :is(ul,ol){padding-left:1.4em;margin:20px 0}
.bwr-letter-text li+li{margin-top:12px}
.bwr-record-note{font:14px/1.7 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;border-left:2px solid #77776f;padding:3px 0 3px 18px;margin:25px 0}
.bwr-record-note p+p{margin-top:10px}
.bwr-screens{margin-top:25px;border:1px solid #9a9a92}
.bwr-screens>summary{cursor:pointer;font:15px/1.55 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;min-height:54px;padding:15px 19px}
.bwr-screens[open]>summary{border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-screen-list{list-style:none;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px;margin:0;padding:20px}
.bwr-screen-list>li{min-width:0}
.bwr-screen-list img{display:block;max-width:100%;width:100%;height:auto;border:1px solid #d6d6cf}
.bwr-screen-list a{display:block;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.bwr-screen-list :is(figcaption,p){font:12px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;margin-top:9px}
.bwr-file-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:3px 23px;padding-top:13px;margin-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-file-links a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:44px;font:14px/1.5 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;max-width:100%}
.bwr-history{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:25px 0 0;border-left:1px solid #9a9a92}
.bwr-history li{padding:0 0 26px 22px;position:relative;min-width:0}
.bwr-history li:last-child{padding-bottom:0}
.bwr-history li::before{content:'';position:absolute;left:-4px;top:7px;width:7px;height:7px;background:#fafaf8;border:1px solid #171717;border-radius:50%}
.bwr-history time{font:12px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f}
.bwr-history h3{font-size:20px;line-height:1.4;margin-top:7px}
.bwr-history p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin-top:9px}
.bwr-related{margin-top:40px;padding-top:24px;border-top:1px solid #9a9a92}
.bwr-related h2{font-size:25px}
.bwr-related ul{list-style:none;margin:15px 0 0;padding:0}
.bwr-related a{display:inline-block;min-height:44px;padding:10px 0;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6}
.bwr-entry,.bwr-series-invite{color:#171717;font:16px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a92;padding:24px 0;margin:0 0 30px;min-width:0}
.bwr-entry :is(h2,h3),.bwr-series-invite :is(h2,h3){font:500 clamp(23px,3vw,31px)/1.25 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif!important;letter-spacing:-.025em!important;text-transform:none!important;margin:0 0 12px!important}
.bwr-entry p,.bwr-series-invite p{font:16px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif!important;max-width:750px;margin:10px 0!important}
.bwr-entry a,.bwr-series-invite a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:44px;font:15px/1.5 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-underline-offset:.2em;color:inherit!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.bwr-entry .bwl-kicker,.bwr-series-invite .bwl-kicker{font:11px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif!important;letter-spacing:.08em;margin:0 0 12px!important}
.bwh-page main>.bwr-entry{max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto 36px;padding:24px var(--shell-gutter)}
/* The first action stays close to the question; archival detail follows the letter. */
.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-kicker{margin-bottom:15px!important}
.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions{gap:6px 24px;margin-top:23px}
.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions .bwl-textlink{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5}
.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions .bwl-button{min-height:46px;padding:11px 17px}
.bwr-source-preview{border-top:1px solid #b6b6ad;margin-top:23px;padding-top:18px;min-width:0}
.bwr-source-preview :is(h3,p){font:14px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;margin:0}
.bwr-source-preview h3{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}
.bwr-source-preview p+p,.bwr-source-preview h3+p{margin-top:7px}
.bwr-source-preview a{overflow-wrap:anywhere;text-underline-offset:.2em}
.bwr-source-preview>.bwl-textlink{min-height:44px;font-size:13px;margin-top:4px}
.bwr-source-preview .bwl-kicker{font-size:11px;margin:0 0 9px!important}
.bwr-source-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:24px 0 0}
.bwr-source-list>li{padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid #c9c9c0;min-width:0}
.bwr-source-list>li:last-child{padding-bottom:0}
.bwr-source-list h3{font:500 17px/1.55 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;max-width:700px}
.bwr-source-list h3 a{display:inline-block;min-height:44px;padding:8px 0;margin:-8px 0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.bwr-source-list p{font:14px/1.7 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:9px;max-width:700px}
.bwr-source-list p.location{color:#55554f;font-size:13px;margin-top:7px}
.bwr-source-list p.note{color:#55554f}
.bwr-data-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:baseline;gap:2px 19px;margin:16px 0 0;font:13px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#55554f;min-width:0}
.bwr-data-links a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:44px;max-width:100%;overflow-wrap:anywhere;color:inherit}
.bwr-data-links p{font:13px/1.65 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0;flex-basis:100%}
.bwr-meta-disclosure{border-top:1px solid #9a9a92;border-bottom:1px solid #9a9a92;margin:25px 0}
.bwr-meta-disclosure>summary{font:15px/1.6 Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;cursor:pointer;min-height:52px;padding:14px 0}
.bwr-meta-disclosure>summary::marker{color:#55554f}
.bwr-meta-disclosure[open]>summary{border-bottom:1px solid #c9c9c0}
.bwr-meta-disclosure>.bwr-meta{border:0;padding:20px 0;margin:0!important}
.bwr-meta-disclosure>.bwr-record-note{margin:0 0 20px}
.bwr-meta-disclosure>.bwl-actions{margin:0 0 15px}
.bwr-page #record>.bwr-meta{margin-top:22px!important;padding-top:22px}
@media(hover:hover){.bwr-series a:hover,.bwr-feature-card h3 a:hover,.bwr-row-main h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.bwr-toolbar button:hover{background:#eaeae4}.bwr-reading-guide>summary:hover,.bwr-screens>summary:hover{background:rgba(241,241,237,.55)}}
@media(max-width:980px){.bwr-letter-layout{grid-template-columns:160px minmax(0,1fr);gap:32px}.bwr-feature-card{padding:22px}.bwr-feature-card h3{font-size:23px}.bwr-intro-grid{gap:28px}.bwr-featured{gap:16px}}
@media(max-width:800px){.bwr-letter-layout{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-top:30px}.bwr-letter-layout>article{max-width:760px;margin:auto;width:100%}.bwr-aside{display:none}.bwr-featured{grid-template-columns:1fr}.bwr-feature-card{padding:24px}.bwr-feature-card h3{font-size:25px}.bwr-feature-card .bwl-textlink{padding-top:12px;min-height:48px}.bwr-intro-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px}.bwr-intro-example{max-width:560px}.bwr-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 155px;gap:20px}.bwr-toolbar{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.15fr) minmax(0,1fr)}.bwr-toolbar button{justify-self:start}.bwr-toolbar output{grid-column:2;grid-row:2;align-self:center;text-align:right}}
@media(max-width:640px){.bwr-series{gap:4px 22px;font-size:13px}.bwr-series a{min-height:46px}.bwr-hero{padding:35px 0 28px}.bwr-page .bwr-hero h1{font-size:42px;line-height:1.07}.bwr-hero .bwl-lead,.bwr-hero .bwr-lead{font-size:19px;line-height:1.55;margin-top:21px!important}.bwr-stats{gap:6px 18px;margin-top:22px;font-size:12px}.bwr-intro-grid>div>p{font-size:17px}.bwr-intro-example{padding:22px}.bwr-intro-example dd{font-size:22px}.bwr-featured{margin-top:23px}.bwr-feature-card p:not(.bwl-kicker){margin-top:13px}.bwr-toolbar{gap:15px 12px}.bwr-toolbar label:first-child{grid-column:1/-1}.bwr-toolbar button{grid-column:2;grid-row:2;align-self:end;justify-self:end}.bwr-toolbar output{grid-column:1/-1;grid-row:auto;text-align:left}.bwr-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:14px;padding:22px 0}.bwr-row-main h3{font-size:23px}.bwr-row-main p{font-size:16px;margin-top:8px}.bwr-row-meta{flex-direction:row;gap:6px 14px;align-items:center}.bwr-reading-guide{margin-top:25px}.bwr-letter-head{padding:31px 0 27px}.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:42px;line-height:1.08}.bwr-question{font-size:23px;line-height:1.4;margin-top:19px!important}.bwr-meta{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:16px;margin-top:24px!important;padding-top:24px}.bwr-meta dd{font-size:14px}.bwr-context{padding:22px;margin-bottom:27px}.bwr-context h2{font-size:23px}.bwr-context p{font-size:16px}.bwr-letter-text{font-size:19px;line-height:1.76;padding-top:23px}.bwr-letter-text p+p{margin-top:21px!important}.bwr-record-note{font-size:13px;padding-left:15px}.bwr-screen-list{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px;gap:22px}.bwr-screens>summary{padding:14px 16px}.bwr-file-links{gap:3px 18px}.bwr-file-links a{font-size:13px}.bwr-related{margin-top:32px}.bwr-related h2{font-size:23px}.bwr-entry,.bwr-series-invite{padding:21px 0}}
@media(max-width:360px){.bwr-page .bwr-hero h1,.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:37px}.bwr-question{font-size:21px}.bwr-feature-card,.bwr-context,.bwr-intro-example{padding:19px}.bwr-intro-example dd{font-size:20px}.bwr-intro-example dl>div{padding-right:12px}.bwr-intro-example dl>div+div{padding-left:12px}.bwr-toolbar{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) auto}.bwr-row-main h3{font-size:22px}}
@media(max-width:640px){.bwr-letter-head{padding:27px 0 25px}.bwr-letter-head .bwl-breadcrumb{margin-bottom:22px}.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:38px;line-height:1.1}.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-kicker{margin-bottom:13px!important}.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions{gap:5px 19px;margin-top:21px}.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-status{margin-top:18px}.bwr-letter-layout{padding-top:25px}.bwr-source-preview{margin-top:21px;padding-top:16px}.bwr-source-preview p{font-size:14px}.bwr-source-list{margin-top:20px}.bwr-source-list>li{padding:17px 0}.bwr-source-list p{font-size:14px}.bwr-source-list p.location{font-size:13px}.bwr-data-links{gap:1px 17px;margin-top:13px}.bwr-meta-disclosure{margin:22px 0}.bwr-meta-disclosure>summary{font-size:14px}.bwr-meta-disclosure>.bwr-meta{padding:17px 0}.bwr-page #record>.bwr-meta{margin-top:20px!important;padding-top:20px}}
@media(max-width:360px){.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:35px}.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions{column-gap:16px}.bwr-letter-head>.bwl-actions .bwl-button{padding-left:14px;padding-right:14px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.bwr-page *,.bwr-entry *,.bwr-series-invite *{scroll-behavior:auto!important;animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}
@media print{.bwr-page{background:#fff!important;color:#000}.bwr-page :is(.bwr-series,.bwr-controls,.bwr-toolbar,.bwr-aside,.bwr-related,.bwr-file-links,.bwr-screens,.bwr-entry,.bwr-series-invite){display:none!important}.bwr-page .bwr-hero,.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head{padding:0 0 18px}.bwr-page .bwr-hero h1,.bwr-page .bwr-letter-head h1{font-size:28pt}.bwr-question{font-size:17pt}.bwr-page .bwr-letter-layout{display:block;padding-top:20px}.bwr-letter-layout>article{max-width:none}.bwr-page .bwr-letter-text{font-size:12pt;line-height:1.55;padding-top:18px}.bwr-letter-text p+p{margin-top:12px!important}.bwr-meta{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:12px 24px}.bwr-meta dd{font-size:10pt}.bwr-context{padding:17px;margin-bottom:20px;background:none}.bwr-context p{font-size:11pt}.bwr-context h2{font-size:16pt}.bwr-record-note{font-size:10pt}.bwr-featured{display:block}.bwr-feature-card{break-inside:avoid;margin-top:14px;background:none}.bwr-intro-grid{display:block}.bwr-intro-example{margin-top:20px;break-inside:avoid}.bwr-row{padding:16px 0;break-inside:avoid}.bwr-history li{break-inside:avoid}.bwr-history p{font-size:11pt}.bwr-page h2,.bwr-page h3{break-after:avoid}.bwr-page p{widows:3;orphans:3}}
@media print{.bwr-data-links{display:none!important}.bwr-source-preview{margin-top:16px;padding-top:12px}.bwr-source-preview :is(h3,p){font-size:10pt}.bwr-source-list>li{padding:13px 0;break-inside:avoid}.bwr-source-list h3{font-size:11pt}.bwr-source-list h3 a{padding:0;margin:0;min-height:0}.bwr-source-list p,.bwr-source-list p.location{font-size:10pt}.bwr-meta-disclosure{margin:18px 0}}