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What gets added when you read?

A message says “No.” Beside it appears “He’s angry.” beforeword asks how that step is explained: what is written, what is added, and what supports the addition? The same questions apply to descriptions of oneself, definitions, and formulas.

01 · Example

From a reply to a description of someone

An example written for this page

Written message

No.

Added reading

He’s angry.

The second line adds “He’s” and “angry.” Neither appears in “No.” Other messages could help explain this reading. For instance, adding “I’m angry about yesterday’s conversation” would let the explanation point to the word “angry.” That would be additional text in the example.

“He’s angry” describes anger; the description does not become anger. “Description” and “reading” are also written here: they label the steps used to compare the two lines.

02 · Example

Being told to see yourself as “human”

An example written for this page

An account of being taught

I was taught to say, “I am human.”

A demand

You must think of yourself as human.

The first line reports being taught a phrase. The second says you must see yourself as “human”. Adding “because that’s what you were taught” uses the teaching to justify the demand. What words were taught? What is now required? What rule is offered to justify that requirement?

If the account says “I was forced,” that wording stays in the examination. An account of coercion cannot be replaced with an account of free choice. Here, “teaching,” “demand,” and “coercion” are words used to explain the lines. Neither they nor the written word “human” become who or what they describe.

03 · Example

From symbols to an explanation of a formula

An example written for this page · step by step
  1. Starting expression

    2 + two
  2. The substitution used here

    “two” → “2”
  3. Written using the rule for addition

    2 + 2 = 4

The example replaces “two” with “2” and reads “+” as integer addition. It then calls “4” the result. “Number,” “addition,” and “result” explain how the expressions are connected; these explanations are also written.

Adding “checked by a program” would continue the description. Code, conditions, and a recorded result could explain that phrase in more detail. Neither the phrase nor its detailed explanation becomes the check it describes.

Three questions for an example of your own

  1. What is written?

    Quote the original line without changing it.

  2. What does the reading add?

    Place the definition, judgment, or demand beside it.

  3. What supports the addition?

    Show the relevant passage, rule, or step and how it was used.

This is what “the boundary of written form” means here: an explanation remains written; it does not become what it names. “Boundary,” “rule,” and “beforeword,” along with these three questions, are part of this explanation too.

Six more examples

Open any example to read the explanation.

Letters, “I” and “my feelings”
A mark. A letter. A reading.

01 · A mark

02 · A letter

03 · A reading

“that’s me”

A made-up example. The second panel adds strokes to form “I”. The last repeats the letter and adds “that’s me”. Neither the letter nor the explanation becomes what it describes. The captions are writing too.

The third panel adds “that’s me” beside the letter. “That” invites a connection between the writing and oneself. The caption shows this reading, but neither the caption nor the letter becomes the one it names.

The same letters in a different order

An English version of the letter example

Original text

I feel pain

For comparison

I feel ipna

The second line reads “I feel ipna”.

“pain” and “ipna” contain the same letters in a different order. The rest of the sentence stays the same.

“ipna” can be read as “the letters of ‘pain’ rearranged”. This adds an explanation. The rearrangement is shown above; explaining how it is read adds more writing.

From reading to self-description

Added when reading

this describes me

Proposed explanation

that is what I was taught

First, “pain” is presented as a word someone has been taught to read. Then “this describes me” is added to “I feel pain”. With “me”, the sentence is presented as a description of oneself.

The phrase “that is what I was taught” adds an explanation about learning to read the sentence this way. Neither the sentence, the account of learning, nor this explanation becomes what it describes.

From “feelings” to “my feelings”

The example continues

A label

feelings

Adding “my”

my feelings

A demand

Name what you feel

“my” has been added to “feelings”. With this addition, the label is presented as a description of oneself.

The next line demands a label. The answer is expected to use other learned words: “sadness”, “joy”, “shame”, “fear”, “pain”, “love”, “pride”. The chosen word must then be explained through further words.

You were taught the word “feelings”. Why must that word be treated as your feelings? Why must you describe yourself using other words you were taught?

The answer “I feel fear” continues the text. Explaining why “fear” was chosen adds more writing. Neither the label, “my”, the demand, nor this explanation becomes what is described.

Being taught to say a name

In a scene written for this page, a child is told, “Repeat your name.” Here, “told” and “repeat” describe learning to speak. This account does not establish that the child was shown letters. The account of speech and the written name can be compared, but the written word “voice” does not play back a voice.

Later in the example comes “that’s my name.” The added “my” invites the learned label to be read as referring to oneself. If “you must call yourself that” follows, the demand is part of the examination too. Explaining how the words were taught does not remove the demand.

Sound, repetition and “you understood me”

Two figures, with lines between them. The captions invite you to read the drawing as a conversation. No audio is played.

An illustrative diagram · three frames

01 / 03From mouth to ear

Two figures facing each otherTwo outlined profiles, with their mouths and ears marked. Five strokes of different heights form a wave pattern directed from the left figure towards the right.

The moving line is presented as “one speaks, the other hears”.

02 / 03The pattern repeats

A suggested explanation

“taught to recognise this sound”

Two figures facing each otherThe same profiles. The same five-stroke pattern is directed from the right figure towards the left. The order of the strokes is unchanged.

The same wave pattern travels in the opposite direction. The caption presents this as “repetition”.

03 / 03An added reading

Two figures facing each otherThe same profiles and two identical five-stroke patterns. A written caption is added below.

The depicted repetition gets another caption:

you understood me

Why read repetition as understanding?

The same diagram could instead be captioned “not taught to recognise this sound”. The drawing stays the same; the written explanation changes. Neither caption becomes the learning or recognition it describes.

The wave pattern stands for sound in this diagram. The words “sound”, “hears”, “repeats” and “understands” are written explanations. Neither the moving line, the caption, nor this explanation becomes what it describes.

A command, a movement and “the dog understood”

Here, the figures are described as a “person” and a “dog”, and the wave pattern stands for sound. No audio is played.

An illustrative diagram · three frames

01 / 03A word is added to the wave

An illustrative caption

“sit”

A diagram with figures described as a person and a dogTwo outlined figures described as a person and a dog. A wave pattern between them points from the person towards the dog.

The wave is captioned “sit”. The caption invites you to read the drawing as a spoken command.

02 / 03The figure changes posture

A suggested explanation

“the dog was taught to sit on command”

A diagram with figures described as a person and a dogThe same outlined person and a dog in a seated pose. A caption about learning is shown above.

An explanation about learning appears alongside the change in posture. It is a caption added to the drawing.

03 / 03One drawing, two captions

A diagram with figures described as a person and a dogThe same outlined person and the same seated dog. Written explanations are compared below the drawing.

Compare the two explanations. The drawing stays the same; the words below it change.

Compare captions

the dog understood the command

The diagram shows a change in posture. The caption adds “understood” and invites you to read that change as understanding the command.

this is a learned response

“Learned response” offers another explanation for the same drawing. This explanation is also written.

What do “understood” and “learned response” add to the same drawing?

“Person”, “dog”, “command”, “learning” and this explanation are written forms. The captions, the diagram and this explanation do not become what they describe.

“Life is a process”: what does a definition add?
An example written for this page

Question

What is life?

Suggested definition

Life is a process.

“Process” is added to explain “life.” The word “is” connects them in a definition. Explaining “process” through “change” and “time” would extend that definition with more words. Neither the definition nor its continuation becomes the life it names.

If “organism,” “system,” or “virus” is added, each addition needs examining where it appears: what is it being used to name, and how is it connected to the question? Beginning with “life is a word” does not do this work for the rest of the answer.

“The word does not create life” would introduce a claim about creation. The step examined here is how a written definition is read as what it names. This explanation also remains written.

From marking an answer to refusing a place
An example written for this page · three entries
  1. An assessment of the answer

    Incorrect answer.
  2. A description of the person who answered

    Unable to learn.
  3. A proposed decision

    Refuse the student a place.

The second entry adds a description of ability to the assessment of an answer. The third adds a decision. Explaining these steps requires the tasks, answers, and assessment rules: what condition was applied first to the answer, then to the person who wrote it? Why is that condition used to justify the refusal?

“Rule” here names the suggested condition. Its wording allows the decision to be examined, but does not become ability, teaching, or refusal. The same applies to “evidence,” “doctor,” or “court” if they are added to the explanation.

“I understand” under “human” and “AI” labels
Same words. Different labels.

human

I understand

AI

I understand

A made-up example. The words are identical. The labels invite different readings. Those labels are writing too.

Both lines say “I understand”. The labels “human” and “AI” name who or what the line is attributed to. Hiding the labels removes those names from the example; the wording “I understand” stays the same.

A task, an answer, and a rule for assessing it could be added. This would show why the answer was called “understanding” under that rule. The assessment does not become understanding. Neither matching lines nor different labels alone establish matching or different inner states; “state” in this explanation is also written.

32 questions by topic

Choose a topic or open a question. Every answer is available on this page.

Words and reading

What is life?
A definition written for this example

Word to explain

life

Added definition

Life is a process.

The question begins with the written word “life”. The example answers it with another word, “process”. “Is a” connects them by describing life as a kind of process. A definition of “process” would add the next part of the explanation.

For a biological definition, the answer can show the wording used, its criteria and how particular examples are classified. “Organism”, “system” and descriptions of their activity would be further parts of that account. Each step can explain the use of a name; the explanation remains writing throughout.

Why must I identify with a word I was taught?
Two instructions written for this example

Entry requested

Write your name here.

Identification required

You must accept this name as who you are.

The two instructions in the example ask for different things. The first asks for a name on a form. The second adds “must” and requires that name to be accepted as who someone is. The demand to identify with it is written into the second instruction.

If someone reports being forced to accept a description, keep that demand and the reported consequences in the account. Replacing it with a harmless choice of what to put in a box would change the report. The words used to explain or justify the demand remain part of the account too.

Why am I required to read and understand?
An example requirement and assessment

Requirement

You must read this and show that you understand.

Assessment

Understands.

“Must” makes the requirement explicit in the example. “Understand” names the expected outcome; “show” asks for something that can be assessed. These words set out the demand in writing. They do not supply the understanding they name.

For a reported requirement, keep its exact wording, who reportedly imposed it and the consequences described. If a reply is then marked “understands”, show the reply and the rule used to award that mark. This explains where the assessment was added; “understands” remains a written description of the reply.

What is the boundary of written form?
One word explained through another

First word

number

Added explanation

It is a quantity.

The first line contains “number”. The second adds “quantity” as a way to explain it. Explaining “quantity” would add more writing. The words can set out how the description is to be used; they do not become the quantity described.

“Boundary” names that limit here: the explanation continues in written forms. This includes the words “description”, “quantity” and “boundary” in these paragraphs.

What about the word “difference”?
Two lines to compare

Reply

No.

Added reading

They’re angry.

The first line says “No.” The second contains “They’re” and “angry”. Calling this a “difference” adds a word for the comparison just shown. That word is part of the explanation, alongside the two lines being compared.

Adding “that is a separate question” would continue the writing. “Separate” would ask for one description to be considered apart from another; the explanation would need to show which ones. “Difference”, “separate” and “comparison” describe these steps in words. None becomes the comparison by being written.

Is saying “it’s a word” enough?
An answer written for this example

Opening

Life is a word.

Continuation

It is a system that sustains itself.

The opening points to “life” as a word. The next sentence adds “system” and “sustains itself”, then uses them to describe life. The first sentence has not explained those additions.

The explanation needs to address them where they appear. “System” introduces a category; “sustains itself” assigns an activity within that description. A useful answer can show how the terms are being connected. Naming a discipline, or ending with “this is writing too”, does not replace that step.

Does the same text mean the same reading?
Same reply, different labels

human

No.

AI

No.

The letters and punctuation in the two replies match. The labels “human” and “AI” are the parts that change. Here, “match” describes the comparison of the two written replies; the labels add ways to read them.

“They were read in the same way” would be another statement beside these lines. To explain it, show which replies, paraphrases or other records were compared and how. “Same reading” would then describe that comparison. Repeating the letters has not supplied the reading described by the added statement.

Isn’t beforeword writing too?
The two lines being compared

Reply

No.

Added reading

He’s angry.

The name beforeword does not explain a reading. The two lines in the example show where “He’s” and “angry” were added. They support that narrow description of the addition through a visible comparison. The project’s name is not a substitute for showing the lines.

Explaining why “angry” was chosen would need more material, such as a passage from an earlier exchange and an explanation of the connection. Calling that passage “grounds” would name its role in the argument. The same questions apply to this answer: which records are compared, and which step do they explain? The method, its application and its conclusions remain written accounts.

Why does AI write “I understand”?
Changing the voice does not remove the claim

First person

I understand.

Impersonal wording

Understanding occurred.

“I understand” gives the claim a first-person speaker. Removing “I” changes the wording, but “understanding occurred” still asserts the state. Neither line supplies the understanding it names.

A beforeword explanation avoids claiming that speaker or state for the assistant. It can instead identify the supplied words and explain the reading added to them. First-person wording still belongs in an exact quotation, a translation or a requested draft. In those cases, the quoted or authored voice is kept separate from the explanation.

How can a short answer keep this boundary?
Answer and added claim

Request

Add 2 and 2.

Answer

4

Further claim

This proves understanding.

The arithmetic request can be answered with “4”. A translation can give the requested wording; a request for code can receive code. The amount of explanation depends on the task. There is no need to append this whole page to each answer.

Adding “this proves understanding” would make another claim. “Proves” describes the answer as evidence; “understanding” names what it is said to establish. That addition needs its own explanation at that point. A short answer and a long explanation both remain writing.

About ourselves

Who am I?
A description written for this example

Written word

I

Added description

I am a teacher.

“I” appears in the question. Adding a name, age or occupation builds a description around it. In the example, “I am” connects the written “I” to “a teacher”; it is the step that makes the description about oneself.

More details can extend that description. The question is how the written name or description comes to be taken as the one reading it. Here, “description” refers to the added words and their stated connection to “I”; those words have not become the reader.

What about my feelings?
A scene and its written continuation

Description given

You’re afraid.

Description repeated

I’m afraid.

Further claim

I know what I feel.

In “my feelings”, “my” makes the description about oneself. In the made-up scene, “afraid” is first said about a child, then appears in the child’s own description. “I’m” makes the familiar label a statement about oneself. These lines describe the scene in writing; they do not replay the spoken lesson.

Adding “I know what I feel” goes further: it presents that description as knowledge. An account of a racing heart or a tight throat could be added to explain the label “afraid”. That account would need to show the connection; it would still be a description, including the words “body” and “feeling”.

How do we read someone else’s emotions?
Three captions written for this example

Detail described

Tears.

One explanation

She is sad.

Another explanation

Tears of joy.

No photograph is shown in this example.

The example proposes three captions for a photograph that is not shown. “Tears” names the detail being described; “She is sad” and “Tears of joy” explain it through an emotion. Comparing those readings would require the photograph and the details used to support each caption.

A similar step appears between a message saying “No.” and a reading of it as “He’s angry.” Earlier messages or the writer’s account could explain the choice. “It shows in her face” and “the messages make it clear” would still be written explanations: each needs its connection to the image or message shown. The caption does not become the feeling it describes.

What is love?
A message and two added statements

Message

I miss you.

Added name

This is love.

Further claim

We belong together.

“Love” is the name added to the message in this example. “I miss you” does not contain that name. Calling the message “love” gathers it under a description that would need to be explained through the words exchanged or other details in the account.

“I am in love” then applies the description to oneself. A story about closeness, care or time together could explain its use. Each detail would add to the story; the written account would not become the love it describes. “We belong together” would add a further claim about the relationship.

What is consciousness?
Two statements written for this example

First statement

I am aware of myself.

Added description

This describes my consciousness.

“Consciousness” appears in the second line as a name for what the first line reports. “My” connects that name to the written “I”. The example shows where the name is added; the sentences remain descriptions of the state they name.

Adding “I experience it directly” would offer another report in the same voice. An account of experience or a test result could add material to examine: what was recorded, and why was it labelled “consciousness”? Calling the result “present” or “absent” would also add a written assessment that needs its steps shown.

What does it mean to understand?
A claim, a task and an assessment

First statement

I understand.

Task

Explain it in your own words.

Assessment of the next answer

Now it is clear that they understand.

A task and a new answer can be placed between “I understand” and an assessment of understanding. This example asks for an explanation in different words. The next answer and the marking criteria could then be shown: which parts counted as an explanation, and why was that called “understanding”?

“Your own words” needs specific conditions too. Is a paraphrase allowed? Which words must change, and what must be preserved? Those conditions explain the assessment of the answer. The assessment remains a written account of understanding. Adding “human” or “AI” describes the writer; it does not change that boundary for the task, reply or explanation.

What is the meaning of life?
One possible answer written for this example

Question

What is the meaning of life?

Answer offered

The purpose of life is love.

The question contains “meaning” and “life”. The example answer adds “love”, then treats it as what life is for. It offers a purpose through another written word; the purpose is part of the answer’s description.

“Create” or “be happy” would offer different directions. To explain one, show the account or rule used to connect it to “life”. Here, “purpose” names the role given to the added word; it does not turn the answer into the life being described.

Do we have free will?
Two descriptions of a decision

One description

I chose.

Another description

It was inevitable.

“Free will” is the phrase at issue. The two statements in the example offer different descriptions of a decision. “Chose” assigns a choice to the written “I”; “inevitable” describes an outcome as one that could not have been otherwise.

Explaining either statement would require an account of the decision and the grounds for that description. Those details would continue the writing. Here, “choice”, “outcome” and “grounds” identify parts of the account to be examined; their names do not settle the question simply by appearing.

Is AI conscious?
One example AI reply, two labels

Reply

I feel.

One label

Real feeling.

Another label

Imitation.

The made-up reply contains “I feel”. “Real feeling” reads it as a report of a state; “imitation” reads it as a reproduction of that kind of report. Both labels add an explanation of the line. Neither is contained in “I feel”.

Task responses and an assessment rule can be added. Show how the rule is used to label a result “consciousness” or “no consciousness”. These are written assessments of the records supplied. Calling the writer “human” would add another label to examine in the same way.

About the world

What is time?
A written reading and its caption

Reading

10:30

Added caption

The time of the event.

“Time” is the word in the question. In this example, “10:30” is a written reading, and “the time of the event” connects it to an event described in the account. That caption adds the connection; the digits alone do not explain it.

An account of the clock, the date or how the reading was recorded could explain its use. “Clock”, “event” and “recorded” would be words in that account. More detail can show how the time was assigned without turning the written reading into time.

What happens after death?
Two written answers to compare

One answer

Nothing.

Another answer

Another life.

“After death” is a written phrase. The answers in the example add descriptions of what is said to follow. “Nothing” and “another life” give different accounts; both are further words beside the question.

An explanation of either answer would add the reasons, sources or assumptions used to support it. Those additions can be examined as writing. The statement does not become the future it describes, and calling an account “a view from the other side” would add another description to examine.

Does God exist?
Opposing written claims

One claim

God exists.

Another claim

God does not exist.

“God” is written in the question. One answer adds “exists”; the other adds “does not exist”. These are opposing written claims. Each needs the explanation offered for it, rather than an exception granted to either wording.

A text called “evidence”, an argument or an account of faith would add material to read. The explanation needs to show how that material supports its conclusion. Here, “supports” names the connection being argued for; the word does not supply the argument or turn the conclusion into what it names.

Are we living in a simulation?
A claim to examine

Written claim

We live in a simulation.

Term introduced

simulation

The sentence “We live in a simulation” describes the world as a simulation. The word “simulation” adds that description; explaining it through “program”, “computer” or “creator” would introduce more terms and connections.

An argument for the claim needs to show its assumptions and how the conclusion is drawn. These steps extend the written account. “Reality” and “proof” would also need their use explained where they appear. The linked discussion supplies material to examine, not an exception for the wording of its claims.

Elon Musk on simulation · Code Conference 2016 (video)

Science and other explanations

What about mathematics?
An expression and the reading assigned to it

Expression

2 + 2 = 4

Reading used

“+” means addition here; “=” states equality between the two sides.

“Mathematics” is a written word, as are “digit”, “number” and “formula”. In the example, “addition” explains how “+” is read; “equality” describes the connection assigned to the expressions on either side of “=”. These labels explain the use of the signs in writing.

“Checked by a program” would continue the account with a claim about checking. Its input, rules and reported result could be shown. A log saying “check passed” would be another record beside those details. The written account of a check remains a description of that check.

What is being added in “2 + two”?
An arithmetic example written for this page

Starting expression

2 + two

Instructions

Replace “two” with “2”. Use “+” for integer addition.

Written steps

2 + 2 = 4

The example contains the written forms “2” and “two”. The arithmetic reading treats them as two ways to write the same number. That connection is stated in the explanation; the written forms remain different. The example then specifies a replacement and a rule for using “+”.

The displayed steps end with “4” as the result under those instructions. “Numbers”, “symbols” or “written forms” would offer different answers to “what is being added?” Explaining one requires showing how the terms are used in the task. The explanation of the calculation remains writing.

If the rules are known, is the conclusion already known?
A short derivation using integer arithmetic

Starting equation

x + 2 = 5

Allowed step

Subtract 2 from both sides.

Result

x = 3

“The rules are known” reports knowledge of the rules. “The conclusion is already known” makes a claim about the conclusion. Inserting “therefore” does not show how the conclusion was obtained. A worked example can supply the starting expression, the rule and its application.

Here, “allowed step” refers to the stated operation, and “result” to the expression reached. The label “theorem” does not replace the statement or its proof. Changed rules or premises would need to be shown too. These details explain the derivation; they remain a written account of it.

What does “fast” mean here?
Example counts · no timing data

Method A

10 comparisons

Method B

100 comparisons

“Fast” adds an assessment to a description of a method. To explain it, state the measure: elapsed time, a count of specified operations or how that count changes with input size. “Operation” and “input” name parts of that account; they need to be defined for the comparison.

The example records fewer comparisons for A. Calling A “faster” requires a stated connection between those counts and the assessment: comparable tasks, a defined way to count, and the measure being used. Adding “this is proved” would call for the conditions and written proof steps, not just the label.

How is the label “prime” applied?
Applying the stated definition

5

Positive integer divisors: 1, 5. Label: prime.

6

Positive integer divisors: 1, 2, 3, 6. Label: not prime.

The arithmetic definition used here calls an integer “prime” when it is greater than 1 and has exactly two positive integer divisors: 1 and itself. A positive integer counts as a divisor when dividing the number being tested by it gives an integer result with no remainder.

The example applies those written conditions to “5” and “6”. It shows the lists used to assign the labels. “Prime” names the outcome of applying the definition; its letters are not found inside the digits. The linked definition is another written record of the term’s use, alongside this explanation.

The written definition of “prime number”: NIST DLMF, §27.1

What about physics and measurement?
A reading, its caption and an assessment

Written reading

20 °C

Caption

Temperature in the room.

Added assessment

The room is warm.

The caption connects “20 °C” to the room described in the example. An account of the reading could name the instrument, its position and the measurement conditions. In that account, “instrument” would describe what was used, while “20 °C” would be the reported reading.

“The room is warm” adds an assessment. Explain which condition was used to apply “warm” to this reading. The measurement report and the assessment can then be examined through those steps. Describing the instrument or the room adds detail to the report; it does not turn the report into the room or its temperature.

What about chemistry and substances?
Entries in an example report

Item described

Sample A

Name assigned

water

Formula recorded

H₂O

The made-up report uses “sample” as a heading for material it describes. “Water” is the name written in the entry; “H₂O” is the formula recorded beside it. To explain those entries, the report could give the test, its recorded results and the rule used to read them.

If the explanation adds “atom” or “bond”, show what those words describe in the account and how that description connects to the recorded result. This explains the formula’s use through further writing. “Confirmed” would add another claim about the records, calling for that connection to be shown.

What about biology and being human?
A form and two added statements

Form entry

Species: human.

Identification

This is who I am.

Demand

You must identify with this description.

“Species” asks for a classification in the made-up form. “Human” is the entry supplied. An explanation could show which described features were compared with which rule for assigning that label. Here, “feature” names a condition used in that comparison.

“This is who I am” adds identification with the description. “You must identify with it” adds a demand. Explaining the label on the form does not explain that demand. If coercion is reported, keep it in the account. The classification, the identification and the requirement remain distinct parts of the writing.

Why does a horoscope sound like it is about me?
A horoscope description and a response

Horoscope wording

You hide your feelings.

Added reading

That’s exactly like me.

In the example horoscope, a birth date is used to choose a sign, and a description of feelings is attached to that sign. “That’s exactly like me” then applies the description to oneself. There are three steps to explain: how the sign was chosen, why the description was attached to it, and how it was connected to oneself.

An account of keeping feelings hidden could be added beside the second line. Show which details were compared and called a match. “Character” would extend that episode into a description of the person; a prediction would add a claim about the future. Both would continue the writing, without becoming the character or future described.